TypeScript OOP模式：类设计和继承策略指南

            class BankAccount {
  private balance: number = 0;

  constructor(initialBalance: number) {
    if (initialBalance >= 0) {
      this.balance = initialBalance;
    }
  }

  public deposit(amount: number): void {
    if (amount > 0) {
      this.balance += amount;
      console.log(`Deposited: ${amount}. New balance: ${this.balance}`);
    }
  }

  public getBalance(): number {
    // We expose the balance through a method, not directly
    return this.balance;
  }
}

            

              
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            class Employee {
  constructor(public name: string, public id: number) {}

  getProfile(): string {
    return `Name: ${this.name}, ID: ${this.id}`;
  }
}

class Manager extends Employee {
  constructor(name: string, id: number, public subordinates: Employee[]) {
    super(name, id); // Call the parent constructor
  }

  // Managers can also have their own methods
  delegateTask(): void {
    console.log(`${this.name} is delegating tasks.`);
  }
}

            

              
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            abstract class Shape {
  abstract draw(): void; // An abstract method must be implemented by subclasses
}

class Circle extends Shape {
  draw(): void {
    console.log("Drawing a circle.");
  }
}

class Square extends Shape {
  draw(): void {
    console.log("Drawing a square.");
  }
}

function renderShapes(shapes: Shape[]): void {
  shapes.forEach(shape => shape.draw()); // Polymorphism in action!
}

const myShapes: Shape[] = [new Circle(), new Square()];
renderShapes(myShapes);
// Output:
// Drawing a circle.
// Drawing a square.

            

              
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            // Component classes
class Engine {
  start() {
    console.log("Engine starting...");
  }
}

class GPS {
  navigate(destination: string) {
    console.log(`Navigating to ${destination}...`);
  }
}

// The composite class
class Car {
  private readonly engine: Engine;
  private readonly gps: GPS;

  constructor() {
    // The Car creates its own parts
    this.engine = new Engine();
    this.gps = new GPS();
  }

  driveTo(destination: string) {
    this.engine.start();
    this.gps.navigate(destination);
    console.log("Car is on its way.");
  }
}

const myCar = new Car();
myCar.driveTo("New York City");
            

              
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            interface IEngine {
  start(): void;
}

class PetrolEngine implements IEngine {
  start() { console.log("Petrol engine starting..."); }
}

class ElectricEngine implements IEngine {
  start() { console.log("Silent electric engine starting..."); }
}

class AdvancedCar {
  // The car depends on an abstraction (interface), not a concrete class
  constructor(private engine: IEngine) {}

  startJourney() {
    this.engine.start();
    console.log("Journey has begun.");
  }
}

const tesla = new AdvancedCar(new ElectricEngine());
tesla.startJourney();

const ford = new AdvancedCar(new PetrolEngine());
ford.startJourney();
            

              
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            abstract class PaymentGateway {
  constructor(public apiKey: string) {}

  // A concrete method shared by all subclasses
  protected connect(): void {
    console.log("Connecting to payment service...");
  }

  // Abstract methods that subclasses must implement
  abstract processPayment(amount: number): boolean;
  abstract issueRefund(transactionId: string): boolean;
}

class StripeGateway extends PaymentGateway {
  processPayment(amount: number): boolean {
    this.connect();
    console.log(`Processing ${amount} via Stripe.`);
    return true;
  }

  issueRefund(transactionId: string): boolean {
    console.log(`Refunding transaction ${transactionId} via Stripe.`);
    return true;
  }
}

// const gateway = new PaymentGateway("key"); // Error: Cannot create an instance of an abstract class.
const stripe = new StripeGateway("sk_test_123");
stripe.processPayment(100);
            

              
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            interface ISerializable {
  serialize(): string;
}

class User implements ISerializable {
  constructor(public id: number, public name: string) {}

  serialize(): string {
    return JSON.stringify({ id: this.id, name: this.name });
  }
}

class Product implements ISerializable {
  constructor(public sku: string, public price: number) {}

  serialize(): string {
    return JSON.stringify({ sku: this.sku, price: this.price });
  }
}

function logItems(items: ISerializable[]): void {
  items.forEach(item => {
    console.log("Serialized item:", item.serialize());
  });
}

const user = new User(1, "Alice");
const product = new Product("TSHIRT-RED", 19.99);
logItems([user, product]);
            

              
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            // A Type helper for mixins
type Constructor = new (...args: any[]) => T;

// Timestamp Mixin
function Timestamped(Base: TBase) {
  return class extends Base {
    createdAt: Date = new Date();
    updatedAt: Date = new Date();
  };
}

// SoftDeletable Mixin
function SoftDeletable(Base: TBase) {
  return class extends Base {
    deletedAt: Date | null = null;

    softDelete() {
      this.deletedAt = new Date();
      console.log("Item has been soft deleted.");
    }
  };
}

// Base class
class DocumentModel {
  constructor(public title: string) {}
}

// Create a new class by composing mixins
const UserAccountModel = SoftDeletable(Timestamped(DocumentModel));

const userAccount = new UserAccountModel("My User Account");
console.log(userAccount.title);
console.log(userAccount.createdAt);
userAccount.softDelete();
console.log(userAccount.deletedAt);
            

              
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